The Sacred Pe’a and Malu: Samoan Tattoo Traditions of Identity and Service

Tattooing has long been viewed as not just body art, but a sacred practice, a rite of passage, and a reflection of identity. In our last post, we explored batok, the traditional tattoos of the Philippines, and how they connect wearers to their ancestors, status, and personal achievements. Today, we journey east to Samoa, which is home to another powerful and deeply symbolic tattoo tradition: the pe’a for men and the malu for women.

Origins and History of Samoan Tattooing

Samoan tattooing traces back to the broader Austronesian migration, which spread tattooing practices across the Pacific. According to legend, Taema and Tilafaiga, were twin sisters who were joined at the spine. They traveled from their home island of Ta‘u to Fiji where they learned the art of tattooing from master artists, Tufou and Filelei. Upon returning to Samoa, Tilafaiga became revered as a war goddess, while Taema dedicated herself to tattooing and teaching the craft. Despite the pressures of colonization and the arrival of Christianity, the pe’a and malu have endured as central elements of Samoan culture.

The Pe’a: A Rite of Passage for Men

The pe’a is a full-body tattoo that stretches from the mid-back to the knees, covering the torso and upper legs in intricate geometric patterns. It is not only a work of art but a profound symbol of courage, endurance, and service to one’s community. Receiving a pe’a is a rite of passage into manhood. The tattooing process is intense and requires tremendous physical and mental resilience. 

The Malu: Grace and Responsibility for Women

While the pe’a is bold and extensive, the malu is more delicate, covering the upper thighs to just below the knees. It represents grace, protection, and cultural responsibility. Women who receive the malu are often recognized for their role in preserving and passing on traditions within the family and community. 

Photo by Ponifasio Samoa
Black Rabbit Studios

Tools and Techniques

Traditional Samoan tattooing is an art passed down through generations. The tufuga ta tatau guides the process, using tools carefully crafted from natural materials. Traditional tools called au, which are made from bone, turtle shell, and wood, are used to tap ink into the skin and are often accompanied by family members singing and providing support, similar to the batok traditions. 

The pain endured is a mark of commitment, proving the individual's readiness to uphold cultural responsibilities and serve their family and community. Each tap of the ink into the skin is deliberate, with patterns often taking days or even weeks to complete. The ceremonial nature of the tattooing process highlights the profoundly spiritual and communal importance of these markings.

Samoan Ta Tau Today

Even today, the pe’a and malu are highly recognized symbols of identity in Samoa. Many Samoans abroad are reclaiming these tattoos to create and maintain a connection to their heritage. Though modern tattoo machines may sometimes be used, the traditional meanings and symbolism remain central. The tattoos serve as living reminders of cultural pride, family ties, and personal courage.

Connections Across the Pacific

Samoan tattooing shares notable similarities with Filipino batok. Both practices are deeply connected to ancestry, identity, and spiritual beliefs. Both require endurance and courage from the wearer. Each culture has its unique patterns, placement, and ceremonial traditions. Exploring both the differences and shared heritage between these cultures highlights the rich diversity of Austronesian tattooing traditions.

Conclusion

The pe’a and malu are symbols of lifelong commitments to culture, family, and community. Just as batok connects Filipinos to their heritage, Samoan tattoos tell stories of courage, service, and identity that endure across generations. These sacred inks are living histories where the stories are recounted through this body art form.